Osteoporosis is a condition that is characterized by bones that have become thin and weak with a reduction in bone mass and loss of typical skeletal micro-architecture. It is an age-related disorder that affects over half of the population that is over the age of 50.

Common symptoms of osteoporosis include frequent joint paints, or difficulty sitting up straight or standing for long periods of time. Fractures of the hip, wrist, ribs, or spinal bones become more common in those with osteoporosis. These fractures are caused by low bone density, making bones more prone to breakage, which is what osteoporosis essentially is. This is particularly dangerous for elderly people, as bones are unable to repair themselves as effectively, which can lead to arthritis.

There are many factors that contribute to osteoporosis. The two biggest factors are age and gender. Elderly people and women are twice as likely to develop osteoporosis than any other groups. Elderly people are particularly at risk because bone mass decreases continuously throughout life. Additionally, those with HIV, breast cancer, or gastric cancer are more likely to develop osteoporosis. Ethnicity, family history, and estrogen exposure also play an enormous role in the development and severity of osteoporosis. Lifestyle also plays a large role. Those who are physically inactive, or consume high amounts of caffeine or alcohol are at an increased risk. Mental disorders such as depression, or eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia also increase the risk for thinning bones. Additionally, long-term use of certain medications can lead to osteoporosis. Corticosteroids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, blood thinning medications, methotrexate, and certain drugs used for epilepsy may increase the risk of bone thinning and damage.

If osteoporosis is not treated, it can progress and cause breakage of the bones, which will typically require hospitalization and major surgery. This can leave patients with osteoporosis related fractures with serious disabilities, pain and deformity. There are many treatment options for those who are developing osteoporosis. These treatments are most effective during the earliest stages of osteoporosis.

Hormone replacement therapy can be used as a treatment for women who are going through menopause because it prevents the loss of bone density. However, it can increase the risk for a stroke, heart disease, and breast cancer. For men, testosterone treatment is a common option because men typically develop low bone density due to low levels of testosterone. Biphosphates are non-hormonal drugs that slow down the rate at which bones break down, and speed the rate at which they are repaired. Calcitonin is another option, which is a drug which works similarly by inhibiting the cells that break down bone.

Simple steps can also be taken at home in order to prevent or slow the development of osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D supplements will help to keep bones strong and healthy. The best source of vitamin D is direct sunlight. Regular exercise is extremely important. Physical activities and weight or resistance training will help to keep bones strong. Lowering or completely cutting out consumption of alcohol and caffeine will also help to prevent bone loss. Always consult a medical professional with concerns about preventing and treating osteoporosis.